Fig. 1

Single-cell profiling of OSF and epithelial cell subpopulation characterization. (A) Total cell subcluster analysis was performed using t-distributed stochastic neighborhood embedding (t-SNE). T-SNE presentation (center) shows 18,152 cells profiled from two individual human oral mucosa from healthy (10,646 cells) and OSF (7,506 cells) conditions. The surrounding circular layouts indicate the cell proportion of each cluster and six major cell types (different colors) (left) and a bar graph of relative cell proportions by tissue type (right). (B) Bubble plots depicting cell type marker gene expression. (C) Epithelial cell subpopulations with the distribution between the samples (left) and associated marker genes (right). (D) Levels of Epi1.2 cells (marked by KRT19) in control and OSF clinical samples. Scale bar = 100 μm. (E) Bubble plots illustrate the average gene expression of inflammatory factors and chemokines across epithelial cell subpopulations. The presence of Epi1.2 cells is highlighted by an orange box. (F) Pseudotime trajectory plots for epithelial cells by subpopulations. The black arrow points to the potential Epi1.2 cells activation trajectory. The heatmap displays gene expression changes along the Epi1.2 cells differentiation trajectory using Monocle. Red signifies higher expression; blue is lower.