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Mass spectrometry analysis of adipose-derived stem cells reveals a significant effect of hypoxia on pathways regulating extracellular matrix

Stem Cell Research & Therapy volume 7, Article number: 52 (2016) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are being increasingly recognized for their potential to promote tissue regeneration and wound healing. These effects appear to be partly mediated by paracrine signaling pathways, and are enhanced during hypoxia. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a valuable tool for proteomic profiling of cultured ASCs, which may help to reveal the identity of the factors secreted by the cells under different conditions. However, serum starvation which is essentially required to obtain samples compatible with secretome analysis by MS can have a significant influence on ASCs. Here, we present a novel and optimized culturing approach based on the use of a clinically relevant serum-free formulation, which was used to assess the effects of hypoxia on the ASC proteomic profile.

Methods

Human ASCs from three human donors were expanded in StemPro® MSC SFM XenoFree medium. Cells were cultured for 24 h in serum- and albumin-free supplements in either normoxic (20 %) or hypoxic (1 %) atmospheres, after which the cells and conditioned medium were collected, subfractionated, and analyzed using MS. Prior to analysis, the secreted proteins were further subdivided into a secretome (>30 kDa) and a peptidome (3–30 kDa) fraction.

Results

MS analysis revealed the presence of 342, 98, and 3228 proteins in the normoxic ASC secretome, peptidome, and proteome, respectively. A relatively small fraction of the proteome (9.6 %) was significantly affected by hypoxia, and the most regulated proteins were those involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and cell metabolism. No proteins were found to be significantly modulated by hypoxic treatment across all cultures for the secretome and peptidome samples.

Conclusions

This study highlights ECM remodeling as a significant mechanism contributing to the ASC regenerative effect after hypoxic preconditioning, and further underscores considerable inter-individual differences in ASC response to hypoxia. The novel culture paradigm provides a basis for future proteomic studies under conditions that do not induce a stress response, so that the best responders can be accurately identified for prospective therapeutic use.

Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003550.

Background

Human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have come under scrutiny for their putative use in regenerative medicine based on their immunomodulatory, pro-angiogenic, pro-trophic, and anti-apoptotic properties [1–4]. ASCs are of particular interest for the treatment of chronic wounds as they may restart the healing process by reducing inflammation, supporting ingrowth of new vessels into the hypoxic tissue, and promoting fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation and migration [5]. While the molecular mechanisms are not fully explained, it is apparent that some of these regenerative properties of ASCs are associated with secreted factors in the form of growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles [6–9]. In addition to the impact on the inflammatory and proliferative phases of wound healing, it also appears that ASCs have a positive effect on the formation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) [10]. This is particularly important as the ECM is degraded or otherwise compromised during the chronic wound process [11].

It has been demonstrated that the regenerative potential of ASCs and other mesenchymal stem cells is enhanced by hypoxic conditioning prior to use [12, 13]. Of interest to wound healing, hypoxic treatment induces an increase in ASC secretion of factors relevant to the inflammation and proliferation phases, such as interleukin (IL)-10, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), caspase 9 (CASP9), and bcl-2 associated X protein (BAX) [2, 14–18]; 1 % O2 has especially been shown to increase the secretion of paracrine factors [16]. The identified factors, however, represent only a subset of the entire secretome, and it is probable that as yet unidentified factors play an important role in the wound healing mediated by hypoxia-preconditioned ASCs.

To perform a more global characterization of the effect of hypoxia on ASCs, transcriptional profiling using microarrays has been used to assess the effect on the transcription of a large number of pre-selected genes [19]. High-throughput RNA sequencing that allows for detection of unknown transcripts, and that has been shown suitable for discrimination between distinct ASC subpopulations and between cell populations within the stem cell niche [20, 21], would be another option; however, we have not identified any such study. Both microarrays and RNA sequencing have developed into cost-effective and robust techniques. A serious drawback, however, is the concern regarding a lack of correlation between regulation of transcripts and proteins, particularly when it comes to upregulated genes following perturbation of steady-state conditions [22, 23]. As it is increasingly clear that mRNA abundance does not necessarily reflect the corresponding protein abundance, post-translational modifications, or subcellular location, much effort has been dedicated to characterize and quantitate the ASC secretome in particular [24], and also to some extent the proteome [25]. Techniques used to characterize the effect of hypoxia on the ASC protein profile range from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, and antibody-based arrays (allowing for the simultaneous analysis of relatively few pre-selected proteins), to mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods where a much larger gamut of proteins can be identified and quantitated (see [24], and references therein). Generally, the large-scale study of proteins in cells or tissue can be made by two proteomics strategies, either using one- or two-dimentional gel electrophoresis or non-gel-based techniques. In non-gel-based techniques, sample proteins are enzymatically digested in solution phase and separated using liquid chromatography in line with a tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) system [26]. During MS and tandem MS analysis the exact mass and amino acid sequence information for each peptide are obtained. The proteins in the sample can then be identified using database search algorithms and quantified by comparing the peptides to databases containing protein information based on translated genome and mRNA sequences [27].

In previous studies, where the proteome and secretome of ASCs have been analyzed by MS, cells have been expanded in medium supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS), followed by extensive washes and culture in serum-free conditions for 24–72 h prior to collection of conditioned media/cell lysis [28–30]. This period of serum starvation has been necessary as the presence of high levels of serum proteins, e.g., albumin, found in serum would mask the presence of low-abundant proteins [31]. However, the process of serum starvation in itself frequently leads to unwanted cell responses, including membrane blebbing and growth arrest [32–34], and has been shown to induce a robust response in ASCs, altering the transcription of more than 100 genes [35]. Several serum-free medium formulations that support the clinically compliant expansion of ASCs are commercially available [36]. In particular, studies have shown that ASCs cultured using StemPro® MSC SFM XenoFree (Thermo Fisher) maintain the essential stem cell properties such as immunophenotype and multilineage differentiation potential [37, 38]. However, the applicability of serum-free medium formulations for the culture of cells used for MS protein analysis of ASCs has not previously been reported.

In this paper, we describe a culture protocol that allows the growth of ASCs under clinically relevant conditions for the production of conditioned media compatible with MS. Growth and viability of ASCs have been assessed in media without FCS and excessive bovine protein contamination. Using the optimal medium formulation for culture and preconditioning of the ASCs we used MS-based proteome analysis to compare the secretome and proteome of cells from three different donors cultured under hypoxic (1 % oxygen) and normoxic (20 % oxygen) conditions.

Methods

ASCs

ASCs from three donors were isolated as previously described after written informed consent from the donors and approval by the regional committee on biomedical research ethics of Northern Jutland, Denmark (project no. VN 2005/54) [39–41]. The three different cultures (ASC12, ASC21, and ASC23) have previously been thoroughly characterized by our laboratory both under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and possess characteristics commensurate with the definition of mesenchymal stem cells [38, 42–47].

Media

Three different media were used: StemPro–, composed of StemPro® MSC SFM XenoFree (Gibco™, Thermo Fisher, www.thermofisher.com) supplemented with 2 mM l-glutamine (Gibco™), and 100 U/mL penicillin and 0.1 mg/mL streptomycin (Gibco™); StemPro+, (StemPro– supplemented with StemPro supplement); and StemPro E8 (StemPro– supplemented with Essential 8™ Medium supplement (Gibco™)).

Cell culture

The cells were cultured in polystyrene tissue flasks (CELLSTAR®, Greiner Bio-One, www.gbo.com) coated with CellStart™ CTS™ (Gibco™), in a standard incubator in an atmosphere of 37 °C, 20 % O2 and 5 % CO2. When replating, TrypLE Select (Gibco™) was used for cell detachment. Unless stated otherwise, ASCs were cultured in StemPro+. For all experiments the ASCs were in passage 6–8.

Expansion of ASCs in different media and cell counting

To assess the effect of different media on ASC growth, the cells were seeded at a density of 1500 cells/cm2 in 48-well plates (CELLSTAR®) in StemPro+, StemPro–, and StemPro E8, and cultured for up to 72 h. At 24, 48, and 72 h the cell number was determined by measuring the amount of DNA using a Quant-iT™ PicoGreen® dsDNA Assay Kit (Invitrogen™). The fluorescence was measured using a Wallac 1420 Victor Multilabel Counter with excitation and emission at 485 nm and 535, respectively; 6.6 pg DNA/cell was used to calculate the cell number. The media were tested in duplicate on each of the three ASC cultures.

Short-term effect of different media on ASCs

ASCs were seeded in 96-well culture plates at a density 8000 cells/cm2. When the culture was 70 % confluent, cells were washed repeatedly with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The cells were then incubated for 24 h with either StemPro+, StemPro–, or StemPro E8 media, after which cell morphology and viability were assessed.

For the assessment of cell morphology, phase contrast images were acquired using an Olympus CKX41 microscope (Olympus Life Science) with a PixeLINK PL-A782 camera.

The proportion of viable cells was determined essentially as previously described [48]. In brief, ASCs were stained with 1 μM Yo-PRO-1 (Molecular Probes™), 10 μg/mL PI (Molecular Probes™), and 5 μg/mL Hoechst 33342 (Molecular Probes™), after which images were acquired using an AxioVision software package with a Zeiss Axio Observer.Z1 microscope equipped with an AxioCam MRm camera (Carl Zeiss, Germany). Live, necrotic, and apoptotic cells were counted using Image J 1.47v (NIH, USA), and the proportion of viable cells was calculated as the fraction of Yo-PRO-1 and PI-positive cells relative to the total cell number subtracted from 1. The effect of the media was tested in duplicate on each of the three ASC cultures.

Statistical analysis of cell growth and viability data

The statistical analysis was performed using SigmaPlot 12.0 (Systat Software, Erkrath, Germany). The normal distribution of each group was assessed by means of the Shapiro-Wilk test. Additionally, variance was tested using an Equal Variance Test. Data are represented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. For comparison of more than two groups, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni’s post hoc test was used.

Production and fractionation of conditioned media and cell lysate

For an overview of the steps involved in the production of media and cell lysate for MS, please refer to Fig. 1. For production of conditioned media, ASCs were seeded in T75 tissue culture flasks at a density of 8000 cells/cm2, and incubated until approximately 70 % confluence (72 h). The cells were washed thoroughly with PBS to remove any albumin residues and 15 mL fresh StemPro E8 medium was added. Half of the flasks were cultured at 20 % oxygen, the other half at 1 % oxygen. After 24 h, the conditioned medium (CM) was collected, centrifuged, and decanted before protease inhibitors were added (1 tablet per 15 mL medium; Roche Complete Protease inhibitor cocktail, Mini). The resulting CM was first fractionated using spin filters into a high-molecular weight secretome fraction (>30 kDa) using a 30-kDa spinfilter (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), and, based on the flow-through, a low-molecular weight peptidome fraction (3–30 kDa), where molecules smaller than 3 kDa were removed using a 3-kDa spinfilter (Millipore). After both filtration steps, the retained proteins trapped on the spin filters were washed twice with 4 mL TEAB buffer (50 mM triethylamonium bicarbonate, pH 8.5), and retained in 500 μL TEAB buffer. The protein content was measured spectrophotometrically by protein OD A280 (Nanodrop; Thermo Science, Wilmington, DE), and the samples were stored at –80 °C for further analysis. All experiments were performed for all three cell lines in two separate experiments, each in duplicate.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Preparation of samples for mass spectrometric analysis. Following the expansion of ASCs from three donors for 72 h, cells were cultured under either normoxic or hypoxic conditions for 24 h. The conditioned media were harvested and sequentially fractionated through 30-kDa and 3-kDa spin filters to retain the secretome and peptidome fractions, respectively. The cellular fraction was employed for the analysis of the proteome. ASC adipose-derived stem cell

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After harvesting the CM, the ASCs were washed twice in PBS and the cells collected for proteome analysis using a protease and phosphatase inhibited RIPA buffer and subsequently sonicated to ensure complete lysis. Proteome samples were stored at –80 °C until further analysis.

Sample preparation

Secretome

From each sample, a volume corresponding to 25 μg protein was transferred to an Eppendorf tube, and 50 mM TEAB buffer, pH 8.5, was added to a total volume of 100 μL. The proteins were reduced by the addition of 2 μl 0.5 M tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and incubation for 30 min at 37 °C. Next, the proteins were alkylated by the addition of 8 μl 0.5 M chloroacetamide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and incubation for 30 min at 37 °C in the dark. Trypsin (0.5 μg) was added to each sample, and the proteins were digested overnight at 37 °C. The enzymatic procedure was stopped by addition of 5 μl 100 % formic acid. Protein digests were dried by vacuum centrifugation and desalted on PorosR3 nanocolumns and resuspended in 30 μL of a solution containing 2 % acetonitrile and 0.1 % formic acid.

Peptidome

The lower molecular weight proteins (3–30 kDa) were concentrated in YM-3 kDa spinfilter (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) by centrifugation at 14,000 g at 4 °C. The retained fraction (100 μL) was processed as described for the secretome samples.

Proteome

For the proteome analysis of the cells, a total of 25 μL of protein lysate in modified RIPA buffer was mixed with reducing sample buffer (2× Laemmeli; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) and isolated by reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE; (Biorad Any kD Mini-PROTEAN® TGX). The electrophoresis was stopped when the protein had entered 1.5 cm into the running gel according to the applied prestained protein marker (SeeBlue Plus2 pre-stained standard; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). The protein load on each gel lane was comparable. The protein was visualized by Coomassie blue (SimplyBlue SafeStain; Invitrogen) and 50 % of each band excised and in-gel digested as described previously [49].

Mass spectrometry analysis

The protein concentrations in the samples were normalized using A280 on a NanoDrop 1000 (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA), and 5 μg total peptide material was analyzed per LC-MS analysis of the low and high molecular weight proteins. A total of 20 % of each gel band was used for each of the biological replicates.

The samples were analyzed using a UPLC-nanoESI MS/MS setup with an UltiMate™ 3000 RSLC nanopump module. The system was coupled online with an emitter for nanospray ionization (New objective picotip 360-20-10) to a QExactive Plus mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA). The peptide material was loaded onto a C18 reversed phase column (Dionex Acclaim PepMap RSLC C18, 2 μm, 100 Å, 100 μm × 2 cm) and separated using a C18 reversed phase column (Dionex Acclaim PepMap RSLC C18, 2 μm, 75 Å, 75 μm × 50 cm) at 40 °C. The sample was eluted with a gradient of 96 % solvent A (0.1 % FA) and 4 % solvent B (0.1 % FA in ACN), which was increased to 8 % solvent B on a 5-min ramp gradient and subsequently to 30 % solvent B on a 70-min ramp gradient for the proteome samples and 30 min for the secretome samples, at a constant flow rate of 300 nL/min. The mass spectrometer was operated in positive mode, selecting up to 12 precursor ions based on the highest intensity for HCD fragmenting.

Data analysis

The reproducibility and variation of the amounts of peptide per sample were determined using Progenesis QJ for Proteomics (NonLinear/Waters, UK). A label-free quantitation by normalized XIC was performed of the trypsin-digested samples by searching the data files using MaxQuant 1.5.2.8 against the Homo sapiens Uniprot reference proteome database (UPID5640; April 2015). All standard settings were employed with carbamidomethyl (C) as a static modification and oxidation (M) as a variable modification. All proteins are reported at <1 % false discovery rate (FDR) to ensure only high-confidence protein identifications. The result file from MaxQuant was analyzed in Perseus v1.5.1.6. Initially, all reverse hits were removed from further analysis, and the data was log2-transformed. Two unique peptides or more were required for a protein identification and quantitation to ensure high-quality quantitation. Scatter plots were inspected biological-replicate wise. No replicates were removed due to low reproducibility. To further identify replicate outliers, a principle component analysis (PCA) was performed using all the measured protein abundances in all replicates as an input. For the purpose of conducting PCA, missing values (i.e., proteins where a quantitation value was not obtained for a given replicate analysis) were replaced with values from a normal distribution (width 0.3 and down shift 1.8) to simulate signals from low abundant proteins [50].

MS measurements were grouped preservation-method wise, and two-sided t tests were performed to identify statistically significant changing proteins. The statistical tests were corrected for multiple hypothesis testing using permutation-based FDR, and the parameters were chosen to provide sufficient input in the subsequent analysis (FDR = 0.05, s0 = 0.1, and 250 randomizations).

The genes coding for the significantly different expressed proteins found by MS were analyzed for statistical over-representation (enrichment) of Gene Ontology (GO) categories in terms of biological process using Cytoscape (version 3.3.0) with the Biological Networks GO plug-in (BINGO, version 3.0.3) [51, 52]. An adjusted p value of 0.05 was used as threshold for significance after correcting for multiple testing by Benjamini and Hochberg FDR correction. Over-representation was computed from hypergeometric test. The dataset for each donor was compared against a reference set of complete Homo sapiens GO annotations.

Results

Optimization of culture media

StemPro + has been shown to support ASC growth [53] but is not fully suitable for secretome analysis by MS due to the presence of large amounts of contaminant proteins, e.g., albumin. Low-protein and albumin-free media formulations include StemPro– and StemPro E8, which may offer an alternative for preconditioning of cells for MS. Initially, to compare the performance of the two media with StemPro+, ASCs were expanded in the three different media for up to 72 h. Analysis of the growth rate (Fig. 2a) revealed that StemPro + was superior in supporting a stable rate of cell growth, while in StemPro– cell growth is significantly inhibited over time. Although the growth rate of the cells in StemProE8 was comparable to StemPro + for the first 48 h, it decreased significantly after 72 h. Next, to assess the effect of short-term culture on cell number, viability, and morphology, ASCs were seeded at a higher density and grown in StemPro + for 72 h and then cultured in low-protein and albumin-free media formulations for 24 h. In terms of cell numbers, StemPro + and StemPro E8 were comparable, and StemPro– underperformed (Fig. 2b). Although analysis of cell viability did not suggest that culture in StemPro– caused compromised cell viability (Fig. 2b), cells cultured in StemPro– displayed a slightly more irregular morphology (Fig. 2c). Based on these results, ASCs were expanded in StemPro + and preconditioned in StemPro E8 for 24 h for the production of the CM and proteome samples for MS analysis.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Effects of culture supplements on the growth and viability of the ASCs. a Growth curves of ASCs expanded for 3 days in the different media formulations. At day 3, there was a significantly higher number of cells in the StemPro + cultures as compared to the cultures with the other two media formulations (***p < 0.001, n = 6). b Cells expanded for 3 days in StemPro + and preconditioned for 24 h in the different media. After preconditioning, the number of cells in StemPro– cultures had significantly decreased in relation to the StemPro + cultures (**p < 0.01, n = 6). The percentage of viable cells was equivalent among the different formulations. c Phase contrast microphotographs displaying the morphology of cells after the preconditioning period in different media. The figure shows representative pictures from one donor. Scale bar = 200 μm

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Identification of proteins

For ASC12, ASC21, and ASC23 cultured in normoxia and hypoxia, each of the quadruplicate biological replicates of secretome, peptidome, and proteome was processed as described above, separated and analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS. During this procedure, a list of the generated peptide fragments and information about the retention time, the accurate precursor ion mass and its ion intensity were obtained for each peptide. Using reverse-phase UPLC, the peptides were separated according to their hydrophobicity. When reaching the column, the peptides were ionized by electron spray and the mass of the peptide (precursor ion) was determined followed by fragmentation by collision and mass analysis of the resulting fragments. A good and reproducible separation of the peptides as well as a similar sample loading amount as determined by the total TIC was observed by plotting the m/z against the retention time of each peptide using Progenesis QI for Proteomics (data not shown).

The tandem mass spectra were used to search the Uniprot human reference proteome database with isoforms (UP000005640) to uniquely identify the parent proteins. Combining the MS1 spectra of the peptides and the MS2 spectra of their fragments, quantification of each protein was obtained. Validation of the UPLC-MS/MS spectra quantification was performed by plotting the intensities of proteins from each replicate against each other (Additional file 1: Figure S1). From this, a good correlation was found, increasing with increasing protein intensity. This is representative for all proteome samples with an average R = 0.98 ± 0.01.

Effect of hypoxic treatment on the ASC secretome

In total, 342 proteins were identified in the secretome of ASC12, ASC21, or ASC23 by label-free quantitative data analysis using MaxQuant and post-processing in Perseus [27]. GO categories, by which at least three proteins were annotated, are shown in Additional file 2 (Table S1). The resulting GO profile showed that many of these proteins had functions that were related to developmental processes including angiogenesis and vasculature development, ECM and cell adhesion/migration, cell survival and cell death, as well as immune regulation. Interestingly, we did not detect any statistically significant hypoxia-induced up- or downregulation of proteins.

Effect of hypoxic treatment on the ASC peptidome

In the peptidome fractions, only a total of 98 proteins were identified and quantified based on strict criteria. GO categories, by which at least three proteins were annotated, are shown in Additional file 3 (Table S2). The GO profile confirmed over-representation proteins with essentially the same functions as the proteins in the secretome. Of the 98 identified proteins, two were found significantly upregulated and three significantly downregulated in the ASC 23 cells (Additional file 4: Table S3). However, for the other ASCs we did not observe any significant effect of hypoxia on the MS peptidome profile.

Effect of hypoxic treatment on the ASC proteome

For cells cultured in normoxia, 94 % of proteins (2741 out of a total of 3228) were common to both ASC 12, ASC21, and ASC 23, with 50–100 proteins uniquely expressed by cells from just one donor (Fig. 3a). For the cells cultured in hypoxia, more than 85 % of proteins were detected in all cells. Despite the high degree of overlap between cells from different donors, the PCA revealed that the variations in protein expression between donors were larger than the variations caused by hypoxic treatment (Fig. 3b). The technical reproducibility of the MS setup used has previously been reported to be very high [54]. A representative volcano plot, depicting an analysis of the effect of hypoxia on protein expression, illustrates that the differences in protein levels between cells cultured in hypoxia and normoxia are less than two-fold for most proteins (Fig. 3c), and statistically significant for a only a relatively small fraction of proteins. Among the proteins regulated by hypoxic preconditioning, 235 (7.1 %) proteins were significantly downregulated, while 82 (2.5 %) were significantly upregulated.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Analysis of the proteome of the ASCs by mass spectrometry. a Venn diagrams showing the concurrence in identified proteins in the proteome from the three donors (ASC 12, 21 and 23) exposed to either normoxic or hypoxic preconditioning. b Principal component analysis (PCA) of the proteome fractions in all samples. Shown are PCA score plots of principle components 1 and 2 of the protein abundances as measured in the normoxic and hypoxic samples from all three donors in four biological replicates. Red, ASC 12; green, ASC 21; blue, ASC 23; square, normoxic; cross, hypoxic. c Statistical analysis of the difference between label-free samples of the proteome fraction from hypoxic preconditioned ASC 21 against the proteome fraction from normoxic preconditioned ASC21 with a two-sided t test. The results are visualized by a scatter plot (volcano plot). The –log t test p value is plotted against the t test difference log2 for each protein. The proteins significantly changed between the samples (p < 0.05) are in the right and left upper corners (red). ASC adipose-derived stem cell

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Biological significance of responses to hypoxia

To gain insight into the biological processes in which the differentially regulated proteins are involved, the genes coding for the proteins that were significantly differentially expressed were analyzed in terms of GO.

The GO categories of the proteins identified as significantly upregulated by hypoxic preconditioning comprise several clusters of biological processes, including metabolic processes, cell adhesion and ECM, developmental processes, and responses to stimuli (Fig. 4). When looking into the specific upregulated processes (Table 1), not surprisingly the metabolic processes encompassed mostly those necessary for anaerobic metabolism. Also, processes related to cell adhesion and ECM were represented. Regarding the ECM and cell adhesion/migration, the upregulated proteins included prolyl 4-hydroxylases 1 and 2 (P4HA1 and 2), procollagen-lysine 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1 (PLOD1), and alpha-1 chains of collagen types 1, 3, and 7.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Gene ontology (GO) analysis of genes upregulated by hypoxic preconditioning of ASCs. The analysis was performed in Cytoscape using the BiNGO plug-in version 3.0.3. Presented is a reduced network showing all biological process categories that were significantly over-represented based on the genes corresponding to the upregulated proteins identified from all three donors. The color scale indicates the level of significance of the overrepresented GO category (adjusted p < 0.05). The size of the circles is proportional to the number of genes in each category. ECM extracellular matrix

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Table 1 Enriched biological processes based on upregulated proteins
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When looking at the GO of proteins that were downregulated by the hypoxic preconditioning, the processes were clustered in terms of metabolism, protein synthesis, cell cycle, and stress response (Fig. 5). A closer look at those clusters (Table 2) revealed that the metabolic processes most downregulated were those related to aerobic metabolism thus complementing the pattern observed for the upregulated metabolic processes. Furthermore, several proteins involved in multiple steps in protein synthesis were downregulated, ranging from mRNA splicing and ribonucleoprotein complex assembly to translation elongation. Finally, the downregulated stress response proteins were related to detection of oxygen and DNA damage response.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Gene ontology (GO) analysis of genes downregulated by hypoxic preconditioning of ASCs. The analysis was performed in Cytoscape using the BiNGO plug-in version 3.0.3. Presented is a reduced network showing all biological process categories that were significantly over-represented based on the genes corresponding to the downregulated proteins identified from all three donors. The color scale indicates the level of significance of the over-represented GO category (adjusted p < 0.05). The size of the circles is proportional to the number of genes in each category

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Table 2 Enriched biological processes based on downregulated proteins
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Discussion

When assessing the secretome of culture cells by MS the usual approach has been to deprive the cells of serum for a given period of time to avoid the presence of interfering proteins. In ASCs, however, serum deprivation has been shown to induce a stress response that might obscure the effect of the variable under experimental assessment, e.g., the oxygen tension [35, 55]. Here, as an alternative, we assessed a commercial serum-free medium that supports the expansion of ASCs. As high abundant proteins in the medium supplements, such as albumin, represent another source of interference which could dominate the mass spectrum and limit the detection of less abundant secreted proteins and peptides [56], two albumin-free formulations compatible with MS protein analysis were evaluated for the preconditioning phase.

To compare the secretome and proteome of ASCs cultured under hypoxic and normoxic conditions, ASCs were preconditioned in the MS-compatible medium for 24 h at 1 % and 20 % oxygen, after which the conditioned media and the cells were harvested. Subsequently, the conditioned media were fractioned into a secretome and a peptidome fraction and the cells were lysed to explore the proteome.

After analysis of the secreted proteins in both the secretome and the peptidome fraction, we identified a plethora of proteins relevant for stem cell maintenance and tissue regeneration. However, we were not able to detect a significant effect of hypoxic preconditioning on the abundance of these. Similarly, a recent report has shown that hypoxic preconditioning of ASCs does not seem to largely affect the secretion of proteins [57]. To decrease the complexity of the secretome, and thereby increase the chance of detecting low abundance proteins, we chose to fraction the conditioned media into two fractions: the secretome and the peptidome. However, this could be inadequate and further fractionation could have increased the sensitivity towards the low abundant proteins. It has been reported that the abundances of proteins in mammalian cells range from 1 to 107 copies per cell [58, 59]. Global LC-MS/MS protein expression studies in cell lines have reported 50 % coverage of all predicted proteins for human cell lines, which is perceived as an excellent proteome coverage with today’s technology [58, 59]. To increase this in the future and enable the detection of quantitative changes for each protein across this range of abundances, extensive fractionation and one or more quantitative strategies are suggested [56]. For targeting of specific very low abundance transcription factors, cytokines, or chemokines, a targeted MS approach will enhance the applicability for detection and quantification [60].

Within the proteome of ASCs a variety of proteins were identified. Among these, a minor proportion was found to be differently expressed in ASCs exposed to hypoxic conditions. Among the most interesting findings, hypoxic conditioning of ASCs increased the presence of proteins involved in regulation of the ECM. Among these proteins were P4HA1 and P4HA2, which are required for collagen synthesis and are essential to the proper three-dimensional folding of newly synthesized procollagen chains [61], and PLOD1, which catalyzes the hydroxylation of lysyl residues in collagen-like peptides on the endoplasmatic reticulum and influences the stability of intermolecular collagen cross-links that provide the tensile strength and mechanical stability of collagen fibrils. Additionally, alpha-1 chains of collagen types 1, 3, and 7 were found to be upregulated. Collagen type 1 alpha chain 1 is a fibril-forming collagen found in most connective tissues and is abundant in the dermis. Collagen type 3 alpha chain 1 is also a fibril-forming collagen and is found in extensible connective tissues such as the skin and the vascular system, frequently in association with type I collagen. Collagen type 7 alpha chain 1 is restricted to the basement zone beneath stratified squamous epithelia. It functions as an anchoring fibril between the external epithelia and the underlying stroma, ensuring skin integrity and stability. It has been found that intradermal administration of mesenchymal stem cells resulted in production and deposition of collagen type 7 at the dermal-epidermal junction [62]. Among these proteins, P4HA1, P4HA2, PLOD 1, and collagen type 1 alpha chain 1 have been shown to be under transcriptional regulation in fibroblasts by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) [61, 63]. As our preconditioning protocol has previously been shown to stabilize HIF-1 in these ASCs [64], the observed upregulation of the ECM-related genes could be mediated via HIF-1. This multifaceted upregulation of proteins involved in ECM production and modulation could contribute to a restoration of an ECM in chronic wounds that is conducive to healing, and thus partly explains the observed wound healing effects of hypoxic ASCs.

Besides the ECM-relevant proteins, we also found that hypoxic preconditioning significantly affected the metabolism of the ASCs. Proteins involved in anaerobic metabolism were found to be upregulated and proteins involved in aerobic metabolism were found to be downregulated. This is well described in the literature as a basic cellular response to hypoxic conditions, as cells during hypoxia rapidly enter a state of metabolic crisis which requires a fundamental shift in cellular metabolic strategy to facilitate the entering of an adaptive state which supports tissue survival [65]. This is very effective in ASCs, and hypoxic preconditioning has been shown to enhance the survival and regenerative potential of ASCs in vivo [14, 66–71].

Stress-related proteins were also downregulated by hypoxic conditioning. Among these were the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, which is involved in the regulation of various important cellular processes such as differentiation and proliferation. Others have found that 1 % O2 maintains stem cells in an undifferentiated state [72] and we have earlier shown that hypoxia at 1 % O2 decreases the proliferation of ASCs [16]. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 could be involved in this.

Furthermore, proteins involved in protein translation were also found to be downregulated. Among these were proteins involved in mRNA splicing, ribonucleoprotein complex assembly and translation elongation as splicing factors binding to pre-mRNA, ribosomal proteins and the essential translation elongation factor 2 promoting the GTP-dependent translocation of the nascent protein chain from the A-site to the P-site of the ribosomes. It has previously been shown that moderate hypoxia of 1–0.1 % O2 affects gene expression, transcription, mRNA stability, protein synthesis and post-translational modifications [73]. The downregulation of the broad range of proteins related to translation that we observed in this study could therefore provide an explanation for the general decrease in protein synthesis by hypoxia.

Based on our findings and analysis, the explanation of the regenerative effect of ASCs was not to be found within the proteome. Despite the ECM-relevant proteins and a few others, the approach did not reveal differences in secretome abundance of other low abundant wound healing relevant factors. The majority of the proteins identified by MS were 1.11 ± 2.98-fold regulated and only a very small fraction of these was regulated by hypoxia. Earlier, we have shown hypoxic preconditioning to increase the level of VEGF two-fold as measured by ELISA which was found to be statistically significant compared to the normoxic levels of VEGF [64]. The analytical approach applied in this study allows for the discovery of unknown proteins as the data was compared to complete databases of all known proteins and their isoforms; however, the molecular size of multiple growth factors limits the detection by discovery proteomics. The detection of very low abundance cytokines and chemokines could be improved by targeted MS approaches such as MRM or PRM [60]. By combining our novel growth and fractionation approach, novel wound healing candidates could be discovered.

Conclusions

In this study, we described a new serum-free culturing methodology to obtain conditioned medium from ASCs for MS analysis. Optimal cell growth, viability, and morphology were obtained using StemPro® SFM XenoFree basal medium containing the regular supplements during the expansion phase and, to avoid serum starvation and eliminate albumin interference, Essential 8™ supplements during the conditioning phase. While analysis of the secretome did not reveal any significant hypoxia-induced up- or downregulation of proteins, a relatively small fraction of the proteome was significantly affected by hypoxia. The main effects comprised ECM-relevant proteins ensuring tensile strength, three-dimensional folding, and mechanical stability of collagen fibrils in the dermis ensuring skin integrity and stability. Additionally, we found a switch in metabolism-relevant proteins indicating a change from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Although we could not find evidence supporting an enhanced secretion of pro-regenerative proteins by ASCs under hypoxia, this study provides a basis for further studies using proteomic techniques for the characterization of the ASC secretome.

Availability of data

The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange Consortium [74] via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD003550.

Abbreviations

ASC:

adipose-derived stem cell

CM:

conditioned medium

ECM:

extracellular matrix

ELISA:

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

FCS:

fetal calf serum

FDR:

false discovery rate

GO:

gene ontology

HIF-1:

hypoxia-inducible factor 1

LC-MS/MS:

liquid chromatography in line with a tandem mass spectrometry

MS:

mass spectrometry

P4HA:

prolyl 4-hydroxylase

PBS:

phosphate-buffered saline

PCA:

protein component analysis

PLOD1:

procollagen-lysine 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1

TEAB:

triethylammonium bicarbonate

VEGF:

vascular endothelial growth factor

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the technical assistance of Hanne Krone Nielsen and Ditte Bech Kristensen. This work was supported in part by funds from Lily Benthine Lunds fond (SR), the Obelske family foundation (TF, AS, and SB), the Svend Andersen foundation (AS and SB) and the SparNord foundation (AS and SB). The funding sources had no influence on study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, writing of the report, or the decision to submit the paper for publication.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health Science and Technology, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3B, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark

    Simone Riis, Jeppe Emmersen, Cristian Pablo Pennisi, Vladimir Zachar & Trine Fink

  2. Department of Health Science and Technology, Laboratory for Medical Mass Spectrometry, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

    Allan Stensballe & Svend Birkelund

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  1. Simone Riis
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Authors’ contributions

SR: conception and design, collection and assembly of data, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing, final approval of the manuscript. AS: collection and assembly of data, financial support, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing, final approval of the manuscript. JE: data analysis and interpretation, final approval of the manuscript. CPP: manuscript writing, final approval of the manuscript. SB: collection and assembly of data, final approval of the manuscript. VZ: data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing, final approval of the manuscript. TF: Conception and design, financial support, manuscript writing, final approval of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Additional files

Additional file 1: Figure S1.

Scatter plots of all samples from the proteome fraction from all three donors. The log2 transformed protein abundance of all proteins obtained are plotted against each other on the x-axis and y-axis, respectively. Each spot represents the intensity of a protein. Ideally the measurements should yield identical protein abundances, represented by a Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R) of 1. (JPG 3314 kb)

Additional file 2: Table S1.

Over-represented biological processes by gene ontology analysis of proteins identified in the secretome fraction. (DOCX 63 kb)

Additional file 3: Table S2.

Over-represented biological processes by gene ontology analysis of proteins identified in the peptidome fraction. (DOCX 39 kb)

Additional file 4: Table S3.

Proteins in the peptidome fraction regulated by hypoxia. (DOCX 16 kb)

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Riis, S., Stensballe, A., Emmersen, J. et al. Mass spectrometry analysis of adipose-derived stem cells reveals a significant effect of hypoxia on pathways regulating extracellular matrix. Stem Cell Res Ther 7, 52 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-016-0310-7

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Stem Cell Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1757-6512