Table 1 Epigenetic readers, writers and erasers
From: Fate determination in mesenchymal stem cells: a perspective from histone-modifying enzymes
Family | Activity | Major catalytic site | Major classes | Representative member | Classic inhibitors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Writers | |||||
 Histone acetyltransferases | Catalyze histone acetylation | H3K9/K14/K56, H4K5/K8/K16, H2AK5 | (1) Gcn5/PCAF | P300/CBP, Tip60, Gcn5 | Acetyl-CoA derivatives, anacardic acid, curcumin |
(2) MYST | |||||
(3) p300/CBP | |||||
(4) Rtt109 | |||||
 Histone methyltransferases | Catalyze histone methylation | H3K4/K9/K27/K36/K79, H4K20, H3R8 | (1) SUV39 | DOT1L, EZH2, SUV39H1 | EPZ00477, GSK343, UNC1999 |
(2) SET1 | |||||
(3) SET2 | |||||
(4) RIZ | |||||
(5) PRMTs | |||||
Erasers | |||||
 Histone deacetylases | Catalyze histone deacetylation | H3K9/K14, H4K5/K12/K8 | (1) HDAC I | HDAC1, HDAC3, HDAC6 | TCA, vorinostat, romidepsin |
(2) HDAC II | |||||
(3) HDAC III | |||||
(4) HDAC IV | |||||
 Histone demethylases | Catalyze histone demethylation | H3K4/K9/K27/K36/K79, H4K20 | (1) Lysine-specific demethylases | JMJD2A, KDM5B, KDM2A | Tranylcypromine, GSK-J1, 8-hydroxyquinolines |
(2) Jumonji domain-containing demethylases | |||||
Readers | |||||
 Bromodomain-containing proteins | Binding the acetylated lysine residue | H3K14, H4K5/K8/K16 | Bromodomains | GCN5, Brdt, Rsc4 | JQ1, GSK2801 |
 PHD-containing proteins | Binding the methylated lysine residue, or the acetylated lysine residue | H3K4/K9/K14 | PHD domains | RAG2, BHC80, TAF3 | - |
 Methyl-lysine- and/or methyl-arginine-binding domain-containing proteins | Binding the methylated lysine residue, or the methylated arginine residue | H3K4/K9/K23/K27/K36/K79, H4K20, H1K26, H3R17, H4R3 | (1) Tudor domains | 53BP1/Crb2, HP1, PHF20L1 | UNC669, UNC1215 |
(2) MBT domains | |||||
(3) Chromodomains | |||||
(4) PWWP domains | |||||