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Table 2 Distinct histone-modifying enzymes associated with multi-lineage differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

From: Fate determination in mesenchymal stem cells: a perspective from histone-modifying enzymes

Histone-modifying enzymes

Abbreviation

Catalytic activity

Catalytic specificity

Proposed functions

References

Histone methylation

 Enhancer of Zeste homology 2

EZH2

HMT

H3K27me3

Promoting adipogenesis

[17,23,41]

Inhibiting neurogenesis

Inhibiting osteogenesis

 Lysine demethylase 6A

KDM6A

HDM

H3K27me3

Promoting osteogenesis

[23]

 ERG-associated protein with a SET domain

ESET (SETDB1)

HMT

H3K9me2/3

Promoting adipogenesis

[15,18]

Inhibiting osteogenesis

 Lysine demethylase 4B

KDM4B

HDM

H3K9me3

Promoting osteogenesis

[22]

 Lysine demethylase 6B

KDM6B

HDM

H3K27me3

Promoting osteogenesis

[22]

 Plant homeodomain finger 2

Phf2

HDM

H3K9me2

Promoting adipogenesis

[21,24,29]

Promoting chondrogenesis

 Lysine demethylase 2A

KDM2A (FBXL11)

HDM

H3K36me2

Inhibiting osteo/dentinogenesis

[27,28]

H3K4me3

 PR-Set7 (SETD8, SET8, KMT5A)

PR-Set7/Setd8 (SET8)

HMT

H4K20me1

Promoting adipogenesis

[20]

 Mixed-lineage leukemia H3K4 methyltransferase protein

MLL3/MLL4

HMT

H3K4me3

Promoting adipogenesis

[19]

 Lysine-specific demethylase 1

LSD1

HDM

H3K4/K9

Promoting adipogenesis

[18]

Histone acetylation

 Histone deacetylases 2

HDAC2

HDAC

H3K9/K14ac

Modulating osteogenesis

[37,46]

Inhibiting cardiomyogenesis

 Histone deacetylases 1

HDAC1

HDAC

H3K9/K14ac

Inhibiting adipogenesis

[37,38,46]

Inhibiting cardiomyogenesis

 Histone deacetylases 6

HDAC6

HDAC

H3K9/K14ac/H4K8ac

Promoting adipogenesis

[39]

 CREB binding protein and p300

CBP/p300

HAT

H3K9/K14/K56ac

Promoting chondrogenesis

[32,33,40]

H4K5/K8ac

Promoting adipogenesis

 Tat-interactive protein 60 kDa

Tip60

HAT

H2AK5ac

Promoting adipogenesis

[34,35]

 General control nonrepressed protein 5

Gcn5

HAT

H3K9/K14ac

Accelerating cardiomyocyte differentiation

[45]

H4K8/K16ac

  1. HAT, histone acetyltransferase; HDAC, histone deacetylase; HDM, histone demethylase; HMT, histone methyltransferase.