Fig. 3
Novel role of mitochondrial activation and ROS generation in activation of glioblastoma stem cells. a Comparison of oxygen consumption in GSC11 cells before and after exposure to serum for 1, 3, and 7 days. Oxygen consumption was measured by using an Oxytherm system as described in Methods. b Quantitative analysis of oxygen consumption in GSC11 cells exposed to serum for 1, 3, and 7 days. *P < 0.01. c Serum did not induce increase of mitochondrial mass in GSC11 cells, measured by MitoTracker-Green. d GSC23 cells were cultured in stem cell medium without or with serum (5 % FBS) in the presence or absence of 1 μM rotenone (ETC. complex I inhibitor) or 2 μM antimycin (complex III inhibitor), and mitochondrial O2 − was measured by flow cytometric analysis after cells were stained with MitoSOX-Red. e Effect of serum and ETC. inhibitors on CD133 expression. GSC23 cells were cultured in stem cell medium in the presence or absence of serum (5 % FBS), rotenone (1 μM), or antimycin (2 μM). CD133 mRNA expression levels were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. f GSC23 cells were cultured in stem cell medium in the presence or absence of serum (5 % FBS), rotenone (1 μM), or antimycin (2 μM). CD133 protein expression was measured by Western blot. Cont control, ETC. electron transport chain, FBS fetal bovine serum, GSC glioma stem cell, O 2 − superoxide