Current approaches in identification and isolation of human renal cell carcinoma cancer stem cells

Table 2 Marker-based RCC CSC phenotypes

Marker (positive)	Sox, Oct, Nanog, Bmi-1	EMT markers^a	Spheres	Mice	Cell line	RCC type	Reference
CD44, CD49f, ALDH1, CD24↓	+	E↓, M↑+/−	–, ROS	+	Caki-1	ccRCC	Mahalingaiah et al., 2015 [17]
CD24, CD44	+	M↑	+	–	ACHN, Caki-1	pRCC, ccRCC	Lichner et al., 2014 [22]
–	+	E↓, M↑	+, TNFα	–	ACHN, 786-0	pRCC, ccRCC	Zhang et al., 2014 [27]
DCLK1↑ ALDH1	+	M↑	–	–	Caki-2	pRCC	Weygant et al., 2015 [29]
CD44, CD133, CXCR4	NS, B-cathenin	M↑	+, PIK3R1↓	–	786-0, A-704	ccRCC, RCC	Lin et al., 2015 [30]
ALDH1	+	–	–	+	Caki-2, ACHN	pRCC, pRCC	Wang et al., 2015 [63]
CXCR4, CD105↓, CD133(−)^b	+	–	+	+	RCC-26, RCC-53	RCC	Gassenmaier et al., 2013 [14]
CD24, CD44, CD133(−), CD105(−)	+	B-c↑	+	+	SK-RC-42	RCC	Zhong et al., 2010 [72]
CD24, CD44	Side population	–	+	+	786-0	ccRCC	Lu et al., 2013 [21]
ALDH1	–	NS	+	+	ACHN	pRCC	Ueda et al., 2013 [45]

^aMesenchymal (M): vimentin, N-cadherin, fibronectin, Snail, Fox-2, Slug, ZEB1. Epithelial (E): E-cadherin, cytokeratin, B-catenin
^bCD24, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD146—highly expressed on cell line = not considered as CSC markers
↓ decrease, ↑ increase, ALDH aldehyde dehydrogenase, B-c B-catenin, ccRCC clear cell renal cell carcinoma, CSC cancer stem cell, EMT epithelial–mesenchymal transition, NS not specified, pRCC papillary renal cell carcinoma, RCC renal cell carcinoma, ROS reactive oxygen species, TNFα tumor necrosis factor alpha

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