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Table 4 Outcomes in function recovery after myocardial infarction following gelatin and Matrigel scaffold delivery

From: In vivo experience with natural scaffolds for myocardial infarction: the times they are a-changin’

Scaffold material

Cell lines and/or other components

MI model

Main results

References

Gelatin

Fetal rat ventricular cells

Rat

Scaffold adhered to tissue, presence of blood vessels, cell to cell linking and spontaneous contraction, no cardiac function improvements

[140]

 

Erythropoietin

Rabbit

LV end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions↓, LV EF↑, FS↑, ±dP/dt↑, erythrocyte number↑, hematocrit↑, infarct size↓, fibrosis↓, infarct border zone capillary density↑

[142]

 

bFGF

Rat

FS↑, infarct size↓, infarcted/non-infarcted wall thickness ratio↑, LV expansion index↓, capillary and arteriolar density↑, CM apoptosis↓

[143]

 

bFGF alone or with human bone marrow-derived MSCs or human cardiosphere-derived cells

Pig

bFGF alone: arterial vessels↑, myocardial perfusion↑, LV EF↑. With human cardiosphere-derived cells: LV EF↑, infarct volume↓, wall motion↑, differentiation to CM↑. With human bone marrow-derived MSCs: LV EF↑, infarct volume↓

[144]

 

Human cardiac-derived stem cells+bFGF

Human

No adverse side effects↑, LV EF↑, infarct size↓, maximal aerobic exercise capacity↑

[145], NCT00981006

Matrigel

–

Rat

Capillary density↑

[147]

 

–

Rat

LV EF↑, contractility↑, infarct wall thickness↑, angiogenesis↑, c-kit+and CD43+ stem cell myocardial homing↑

[148]

 

Rat adipose-derived stromal cells

Rat

LV EF↑, LV akinesis↓, contractility↑, infarcted area size↓

[149]

 

Mouse ESCs

Mouse

Connexin 43 expression, graft/infarct area↑, FS↑, LV wall thickness preservation

[150]

 

Mouse ESCs

Rat

FS↑, myocardial wall thickness↑, LV dilatation prevention, connexin 43 and α-sarcomeric actin expression

[151]

 

Human ESC-derived CMs with prosurvival cocktail

Rat

Cell engraftment↑, LV end-diastolic and systolic dimensions↓, FS↑, EF↑, infarcted area wall thickening↑

[152]

 

Mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs

Mouse

No improvements in FS, EF, or LV diastolic end volume

[153]

Matrigel+collagen

Rat H9c2 cardiomyoblasts alone, with VEGF, or with bFGF

Rat

Three groups: cell survival↑, LV wall thickness↑, LV EF↑, FS↑. No significant additional improvements were observed with VEGF or bFGF

[154]

 

Rat myoblasts

Rat

Inflammatory response↑, FS↑, LV end-systolic diameter↓, scaffold vascularized

[155]

 

Rat cardiac myocytes

Rat

No improvements in cardiac function or LV wall thickness, sarcomere integrity, vascularized and innervated graft, contraction preserved, electrical and mechanical coupling requires further evaluation

[156]

 

Rat neonatal ventricular CMs

Rat

CM sarcomeric structural integrity, FS↑, anterior wall thickness↑, LV end-systolic diameter↓

[157]

 

Rat neonatal heart cells

Rat

Non-delayed electrical coupling, dilatation↓, systolic wall thickening↑, FS area↑

[158]

  1. bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor, CM cardiomyocyte; dP/dt change in pressure over time, EF ejection fraction, ESC embryonic stem cell, FS fractional shortening, LV left ventricle/left ventricular, MI myocardial infarction, MSC mesenchymal stem cell, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor