Table 5 Myocardial infarction animal models and the progress in infarction regeneration for decellularized extracellular matrix-based scaffolds
From: In vivo experience with natural scaffolds for myocardial infarction: the times they are a-changin’
Scaffold material | Cell lines and/or other components | MI model | Main results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Decellularized myocardial ECM | – | Rat | LV EF↑, LV bulging↓, infarct LV wall thickness↑, infarct expansion index↓ | [166] |
|  | – | Rat | Viable myocardium islands inside infarcted zone↑, no arrhythmia induction, proliferative cell density (mainly lymphocytes)↑, EF preservation | [167] |
|  | – | Rat and pig | Rat: ECM biodegradable and biocompatible with host myocardium, absence of embolization or ischemia. Pig: LV EF↑, LV end diastolic and systolic volumes↓, contractility↑, global wall motion score↑, proportion of endocardial muscle↑, fibrosis↓, presence of neovascularization, unaltered cardiac rhythm or blood chemistry | [168] |
Decellularized pericardium ECM | Rat bone marrow MSCs | Rat | LV cavity enlargement prevented, LV FS↑, LV end diastolic and systolic pressures improved, no apoptosis, microvessel density↑, differentiation to smooth muscle cells or myofibroblasts, growth factor expression and cytokine release↑ | [176] |
|  | Rat bone marrow MSCs | Rat | LV FS↑, LV end diastolic and systolic pressure improvements, LV dilatation↓, absence of apoptosis, blood vessel density↑, differentiation into smooth muscle cells or myofibroblasts | [177] |
|  | bFGF | Rat | bFGF retention↑, arteriole density↑, confirmation of vessel functionality | [178] |
|  | HGF fragment | Rat | LV remodeling prevention, fractional area change↑, arteriole density↑ | [179] |
Decellularized pericardium ECM+RAD16-I peptidic hydrogel | Porcine mediastinal ATDPCs | Pig | Infarct size↓, vascularization↑ | [174] |
SIS | – | Mouse | LV end systolic area↓, contractility↑, infarct size↓, capillary formation↑ | [180] |
|  | Rabbit MSCs | Rabbit | LV dimensions improved, anterior wall thickness↑, contractility↑, LV relaxation↑, vascular density↑, no immunological response, cardiac troponin T and α-smooth muscle actin expression | [181] |
|  | bFGF | Rat | EF↑, LV end systolic and diastolic volumes↓, contractility↑ | [182] |
UBM | – | Pig | Smooth muscle cells↑, myofibroblast recruitment, inflammation↓, thrombus extension↓ | [162] |
|  | – | Dog | Myocyte recruitment with normal morphology and organization, myocyte proliferation↑, regional stroke work↑, systolic contraction↑ | [185] |
|  | Human MSCs (spheroid or non-manipulated) | Dog | Regional stroke work↑, systolic area contraction↑, organized sarcomeric structure | [186] |