The cell cycle as a brake for β-cell regeneration from embryonic stem cells

Table 1 Differences between the cell cycle machinery of β cells and ES cells

Cell cycle machinery	Beta cells	ES cells	References
Cdk2	Expressed but no functional importance	Critical for ES cell maintenance and considered the primary Cdk	[20, 42, 85]
Cdk4	Critical for β-cell development	Not expressed in ES cells	[22, 25, 43, 57, 58]
Cdk6	Not expressed	Expressed at high levels	[22, 86]
Cyclin D1	Expressed at high levels	Expressed at low levels	[62]
Cyclin D2	Critical for development and highly expressed	Not expressed in ES cells	[62, 63]
Cyclin E	Expressed but no importance	Critical for maintaining the pluripotent state of ES cells	[50, 51, 87, 88]

ISSN: 1757-6512