Fig. 4

Systemic immunological reactions were detected postoperatively, and the serum concentrations of IL-2 a, IL-4 b, IL-6 c, IL-10 d, IFNγ e, and TGF-β1 f were measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14, 28 days after transplantation. No significant differences existed between any two groups at the same time points (p >0.05, n = 3). Data presented as mean ± SD. BCWG blank control without grafts implantation group, ELSG empty lentiviral vectors transduction hMSCs/scaffold group, IFNγ interferon gamma, IL interleukin, OSWG only scaffold without cells implantation group, TGF-β1 transforming growth factor beta-1, WISG Wnt11 RNAi hMSCs/scaffold group, WOSG Wnt11-overexpressing hMSCs/scaffold group