Fig. 1
From: Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in kidney transplantation
Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on immune cells. MSCs inhibit the activation of macrophages and proliferation of T cells, regulate the activation and differentiation of B cells, and suppress natural killer (NK) cell proliferation. They inhibit monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells (DC) and enhance the cell function of CD+Cd25+FoxP3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells. They secrete inhibitory factors or make cell-to-cell contacts with various types of immune cells to exert their immunosuppressive effects and treat a variety of immune system disorders. IDO indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, IFN interferon, IL interleukin, PGE 2 prostaglandin E2, TLR Toll-like receptor