Fig. 4

Overexpression of Ssbp3 induces a trophoblast-like transcriptional program. a Heatmap of the DEGs induced by Ssbp3 overexpression in ESCs (fold change >2). Green and red values represent fold changes for down- and upregulation, respectively. Heatmap in the right panel shows the top 30 upregulated genes in detail. b Venn diagram showing the overlap of the DEGs induced by Ssbp3 (green), Gata3 (blue), or Cdx2 (orange) overexpression, with the number of genes indicated. Out of 1880 DEGs induced by Ssbp3, 1141 DEGs were shared with Gata3 or Cdx2. c Significantly enriched GO terms of the 1141 DEGs shared between Ssbp3 and Cdx2 or between Ssbp3 and Gata3. d, e qRT-PCR analysis for expression levels of trophoblast-specific markers in Cdx2 and Elf5 stable knockdown cell lines 96 h after Ssbp3 overexpression. The average mRNA level in stable cell line expressing shNT was set at 1.0. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. GO gene ontology, NT non-targeting, OE overexpression, shRNA short-hairpin RNA