Fig. 6

Ssbp3 overexpression activates MAPK/Erk1/2 and TGF-β pathways. a Significantly enriched signaling pathways of all DEGs upon overexpression of Ssbp3 by KEGG pathway analysis. b, c qRT-PCR analysis for expression levels of upregulated genes related to MAPK/Erk/1/2 and TGF-β pathways in Ssbp3-overexpressing ESCs. The average mRNA level in cells transfected with the control vector was set at 1.0. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. d Western blotting of p-Erk1/2 and total Erk1/2 protein levels in Ssbp3-overexpressing cells. Cells transfected with an Ssbp3 plasmid or a vector were collected at 48 h and 96 h after transfection, respectively. e qRT-PCR analysis for expression levels of Cdx2 in Ssbp3-overexpressing ESCs with or without PD0325901 treatment. The average mRNA level in cells transfected with the control vector in the absence of PD0325901 was set at 1.0. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Erk extracellular signal-regulated kinase, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, OE overexpression, TGF transforming growth factor