Fig. 3
Cell morphology and growth kinetics of MSCs cultured in the culture dish and microfluidic device. a MSCs were seeded at a density of 3 × 103 cells/cm2 in the microfluidic device and culture dish for 3 days. The cell morphology was compared between the two groups and showed that the cells exhibited a well-adhered and healthy morphology in both groups. Scale bar = 100 μm. b Growth population curve of MSCs cultured in the culture dish and microfluidic device showed that the growth curves of MSCs cultured in both groups were almost similar from 0 to 9 days. c The pH value of the culture medium was monitored, measured, and compared within 4 days in both groups. The pH value in the static culture dish group gradually decreased over time, while the pH value in the microfluidic system remained constant after several days of culture