Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
First author, year | Animal | Number of animals used for intervention, EPC + MSC | Number of animals used for controls, EPC/MSC | Number of cells used for intervention, EPC + MSC | Number of cells used as controls, EPC/MSC | Time of cell therapy after making the model | Time point of index measure | Index of measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiovascular | ||||||||
 Suuronen, 2007 [2] | Rats | 8 | 7/6 | 5 × 105 + 5 × 105 | 1 × 106/1 × 106 | 21 days | 28 days | 1. LVEF, FS |
2. Infarct area | ||||||||
3. Infarct length | ||||||||
4. Heart rate | ||||||||
5. Arteriole density | ||||||||
 Derval, 2008 [3] | Mice | 14 | 14/14 | 5 × 105 + 5 × 106 | 5 × 105/5 × 106 | 30 days | 45 days | 1. Capillary density |
2. Scar thickness | ||||||||
3. Infarct size | ||||||||
4. Heart rate | ||||||||
5. dp/dt | ||||||||
 Zhang, 2008 [11] | Rats | 11 | 9/10 | 1 × 106 + 1 × 106 | 2 × 106/2 × 106 | 28 days | 84 days | 1. Cardiac function and hemodynamics (ejection fraction, FS, LVEDD, LVEDP, +dp/dt, –dp/dt) |
2. Capillary density and regional myocardial blood flow | ||||||||
3. Myocardial fibrosis | ||||||||
4. Angiogenic growth factor protein and mRNA expression | ||||||||
 Yi, 2010 [13] | Rats | 6 | 4/6 | 0.5 ml + 0.5 ml | 1 ml/1 ml | 7–10 days | 28 days | 1. Hemodynamics (LVSP, LVEDP, +dp/dt, –dp/dt) |
2. Infarct size | ||||||||
3. Capillary density | ||||||||
 Xiaolin, 2010 [14] | Rats | 8 | 8/8 | 2 × 106 + 0.5 × 107 × 3 | 2 × 106 | 7 days, 14 days | 35 days | Cardiac function |
 Yuhui, 2010 [12] | Rats | 10 | 10/10 | 5 × 106 + 5 × 106 | 5 × 106/5 × 106 | 7 days | 28 days | Cardiac function (LVSP, LVEDP, +dp/dt, –dp/dt) |
Bone | ||||||||
 Zigdon-Giladi, 2015 [17] | Rats | 2/8 | – | 5 × 105 + 5 × 105 | – | – | 4 weeks and 12 weeks | 1. Blood vessel density |
2. Vertical bone height | ||||||||
 Zigdon-Giladi, 2014 [18] | Rats | 8/6 | – | 5 × 105 + 5 × 105 | – | – | 12 weeks | 1. Bone volume fraction (BV/TV) |
2. Tissue mineral density (TMD) | ||||||||
 Shaolong, 2014 [16] | Rabbits | 12 | 12/12 | – | – | 14 days | 14 days and 28 days | 1. Vessel density |
 Xian, 2013 [8] | Rabbits | 6 | 6/6 | – | – | – | 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days | 1. ALP activity |
2. The OC expression | ||||||||
3. Cell proliferation activity | ||||||||
 Li, 2013 [19] | Dogs | – | – | – | – | – | 24 h, 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days | 1. ALP activity |
2. Mineralized nodule | ||||||||
3. Gene expression of key osteogenic markers | ||||||||
4. Matrigel 2D assay | ||||||||
 Seebach, 2012 [20] | Rats | 6 | 6/6 | 5 × 105 | 5 × 105/5 × 105 | – | 1 week | 1. Area of neovascularization |
2. VEGF release | ||||||||
 Huiping, 2011 [21] | Rats | 6 | 6/6 | 1 × 105 + 1 × 105 | 1 × 105/1 × 105 | – | – | 1. ALP activity |
2. Cell proliferation activity | ||||||||
 Fedorovich, 2010 [22] | Goats | – | – | 1 × 105 + 1 × 105 | –/2 × 105 | – | 2 weeks, 6 weeks | 1. In-vitro analysis of 2D/3D network formation on Matrigel and osteogenic differentiation |
2. In-vivo vascularization and bone formation | ||||||||
 Usami, 2009 [23] | Mice | – | – | 5 × 106 + 1 × 107 | 5 × 106/1 × 107 | – | 7 days, 14 days | 1. ALP activity |
2. Soft X-ray | ||||||||
3. Implant capillary scoring | ||||||||
Cerebral vessels | ||||||||
 Zigen, 2013 [9] | Rats | 25 | 25/25 | 2 × 106 + 2 × 106 | –/2 × 106 | 1 day | 7 days | 1. Cerebral infarction volume |
2. BDNF | ||||||||
3. Neurological score | ||||||||
 Yao, 2014 [10] | Rats | 16 | 16/16 | 2 × 106 + 2 × 106 | 2 × 106/2 × 106 | 1 day | 28 days | 1. Cerebral infarction volume |
2. BDNF | ||||||||
3. Neurological score | ||||||||
 Fenfang, 2014 [15] | Rats | 20 | 20/20 | 2 × 106 + 2 × 106 | 2 × 106/2 × 106 | 26h | 7 days | 1. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax |
2. The Neurological Score | ||||||||