Fig. 3
Effects of CM and MVs on the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Alveolar macrophages were seeded at 2 × 106/mL and, after adherence, treated for 1, 24, 48, and 72 h in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 and 100 ng/mL) or of conditioned medium (cond. medium) or microvesicles. The release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) were evaluated in conditioned medium by ELISA. Results are the mean of a minimum of three experiments ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, with § p < 0.05 vs LPS-treated cells