Fig. 2

DPSCs-IPs/β-TCP transplantation and therapeutic effect of Patient No. 1. a Procedures for DPSCs-IPs/β-TCP transplantation. (a) Third passage of DPSCs-IPs from Patient No. 1. (b) Generation of DPSCs-IPs/β-TCP complex. DPSCs-IPs were cultured in 100-mm culture dishes with 40 mg β-TCP particles. (c, d) Scanning electron microscopy of DPSCs-IPs/β-TCP complex. (e) Lingual view of periodontitis lesion. (f, g) Transplantation of the DPSCs-IPs/β-TCP complex generated from Patient No. 1 into the periodontal lesion. b Therapeutic effect of DPSCs-IPs/β-TCP in Patient No. 1. (a) Bone defeats before the operation (red circle in Pre-Op). (b) Therapeutic effect 1 month after the operation (red circle in Post-1 M). (c) Therapeutic effect 3 months after the transplantation (red circle in Post-3 M). (d) Therapeutic effect 9 months after the operation (red circle in Post-9 M) by X-ray analysis. DPSCs-IPs dental pulp stem cells isolated from inflammatory dental pulp tissues, β-TCP β-tricalcium phosphate