Fig. 1

Impaired proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of diabetic BBDP BMSCs and PDCs in normal glucose (5.5 mM) cultures. a Cell proliferation (n = 3). b β-Galactosidase staining (blue) for senescent cells. Magnification: 50×; c, d Alizarin red staining and quantification (n = 3) after 14-day normal glucose osteogenic culture. Scale bars = 100 μm; e, f Oil red staining and quantification (n = 3) after 14-day adipogenic culture. Scale bars = 100 μm. *p < 0.05 (Student’s t test) for pairwise comparisons between cultures for a given cell type; error bars, standard deviation of the mean. All differences in cell numbers (a) between cultures at a given time point were significant (p < 0.05). BBDP Biobreeding Diabetes Prone/Worcester, BMSC bone marrow-derived stromal cell, PDC periosteum-derived cell