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Table 2 Factors and results in mouse direct cardiac reprogramming

From: Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes

Combination of factors

Original cell

Markers and efficiency

AP

Ca2+ transient

Beating

GMT [15]

CF, TTDF

cTnT+: 30% of α-MHC cells; α-actinin+: most of cTnT+ cells

+

+

+

OSKM; JI1, BMP4 [29]

MEF

cTnT+: 40%

+

+

+

GMT [16]

CF

α-MHC-EYFP+: ~40% at border zone

+

+

+

miR-1,133,208,499; JAK inhibitor I [23]

CF

α-MHC-GFP+: ~28%

+

+

+

GMT, Myocd, Srf, Mesp1, Smarcd3 [42]

MEF

Myh6.Egfp+: 2.4%

–

+

–

Hand2, Nkx2.5, Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5 [43]

MEF, CF

Troponin T-GCaMP5+ activity: 1.6%

ND

+

+

OSKM; PEG hydrogel [44]

MEF, TTF

Beat patch per cm2: 9.4%

α-actinin+: 1.72 fold/control

ND

+

+

GHMT, MyoD domain [45]

HF, LBF, TTF

cTnT+: 4.9%

ND

+

+

GHMT and SB431542 [19]

CF

Troponin T-GCaMP5+ activity: 9.27%

ND

+

–

GHMT, Myod domain [46]

HF

cTnT+: 19%

ND

+

+

GMT, Mesp1, Myocd and miR-133 [28]

MEF, CF

α-MHC-GFP & cTnT+: 8.1%; α-actinin+: 19.9%

ND

 

–

OCT4, SCPF [35]

MEF, TTF

beating clusters:~40/well of 24-well plate

+

+

+

GHMT [47]

MEF,

Sarcomere+: ~32%; NPPA+: 35% of sarcomere+; MYL2+: 22% of sarcomere+

+

ND

+

GMT mRNA, C_lipo [17]

CF

α-MHC-GFP+: 0.5% of transfected CF

ND

ND

–

miR-1, miR-133, miR-208, miR-499 [24]

CF

tdTomato+ Troponin T+:12%

+

ND

+

OSKM, Ascorbic acid [48]

MEF

GATA4+: ~40%; MHC+: ~24%

+

ND

+

CHIR99021, RepSox, Forskolin, VPA [30]

MEF, TTF

α-actinin+: 14.5%; α-MHC+: 9%

+

+

+

GHMT, miR-1, miR-133, Y-27632, A83-01 [20]

MEF, AF

cTnT+: ~60% with A83-01; α-actinin+: ~60% with A83-01

+

+

+

  1. A diverse range of factor combinations and original cells used in mouse cardiac reprogramming result in different efficiency, revealed by the expression of cardiomyocyte markers, electrophysiological characters, and beating property
  2. GMT: Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5; GHMT: Gata4, Hand2, Mef2c, Tbx5; OSKM: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc; SCPF: SB431542, CHIR99021, parnate, forskolin; Y-27632, Rock inhibitor; A83-01, TGF-β inhibitor
  3. AF adult fibroblast, α-MHC α-myosin heavy chain, AP action potential, CF cardiac fibroblast, cTnT cardiac troponin T, HF head fibroblast, LBF low body fibroblast, MEF mouse embryonic fibroblast, ND not detected, TTDF tail-tip dermal fibroblast, TTF tail tip fibroblast