Table 4 The differences of cardiomyocytes induced from iPSCs and direct reprogramming
From: Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes
Properties | iPSC/hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes | Direct reprogrammed cardiomyocytes | Adult cardiomyocytes |
|---|---|---|---|
Differentiation efficiency | >80% | ~60% cTnT+ α-actinin+ [20] | / |
Size | Small size (membrane capacitance 18Â pF) [38], 1/10 of physical size of adult cardiomyocytes | Small size | Membrane capacitance 150Â pF |
Nucleus | Mono-nuclear [39] | Mono-nuclear | Bi- or multi-nuclear |
Morphology | Circular or irregular shape | Spindle-shape | Rod-shape |
Sarcomere | Better organized | Disarrayed | Highly organized |
Primary metabolic substrate | Glucose | Glucose | Fatty acid |
Markers | α-MHC+, α-actinin+, Troponin T+ | α-MHC+, α-actinin+, Troponin T+ | α-MHC+, α-actinin+, Troponin T+ |
Ca2+ transient | + | + (few induced cardiomyocytes) | + |
Electrophysiology | Resting membrane potential –60 mV (slower action potential) | Resting membrane potential –48 mV (slowest action potential) | Resting membrane potential –90 mV (quicker action potential) |