Fig. 2

Paracrine effects of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). ADSCs secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), microRNA (miR)-31, miR-126, and exosomes for promoting neovascularization. The anti-apoptosis effect of ADSCs is mediated by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and miR-301a. The anti-cardiac remodeling effect is associated with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). ADSC-derived exosomes inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase (PI3K) pathways, exerting an anti-vascular remodeling effect