Fig. 2
From: Interplay between craniofacial stem cells and immune stimulus
Impact of the immune milieu on craniofacial MSCs. Immune cells secrete inflammatory factors such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), which regulate craniofacial MSC proliferation, multilineage differentiation, and immunomodulation. Moreover, innate and adaptive immune cells, activated by mitogen or cytokine, secrete inflammatory factors which provide positive or negative feedback to MSCs to regulate a variety of inflammatory factors and their properties. GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, LPS lipopolysaccharide, PGE2 prostaglandin E2