Table 1 In vitro studies of vascular lineage differentiation from multipotent stem cells

BM-MSCs

SMC/EC

Rabbit

FBS; L-glutamine; L-ascorbic-acid-2-phosphate

2-mm diameter mandrel

Suture-holding; strength; platelet counts

CA

4 weeks

100%

[19]

BM-MSCs

SMC/EC

Ovine

FBS; VEGF; bFGF; ascorbic acid; TGF-b1

CA decellularized

SM a-actin; PKH26; vWF

CA

5 months

100%

[20]

AD-SCs

SMC

Human

Media-199; FBS; angiotensin II; TGF-b1; phingosylphosphorylcholine

Decellularized; greater saphenous vein

SMC; calponin; caldesmon; MHC; ANG; APC; TGFb1

Bioreactor system

-

-

[21]

AD-SCs

SMC

Human

TGF-b1; BMP4; FBS; penicillin-streptomycin

PGA

Smooth muscle alpha actin; a-SMA; calponin; SM-MHC;

Bioreactor system

8 weeks

-

[22]

HF-SCs

SMC

Human

FBS; isobutyl-methylxanthine; dexamethasone; insulin; indomethacin

Mandrel of poly(di-methylsiloxane)

bFGF; TGF-b1; a-SMA; calponin

-

2 weeks

-

[23]

HF-SCs

SMC

Newbon lamb

DMEM; FBS

SIS

EGFP; a-SMA; calponin; MHC

-

2 weeks

-

[24]

ESCs

SMC

Nude mice

All-trans-retinoid acid (RA); DMSO

3D macro-porous NF scaffolds

α-SM; SM-MHC; OCT4

Subcutaneous pockets on nude mice

2 weeks

-

[25]

hiPSCs

SMC

Human

EB; FBS; NEAA; glutamine; mercaptoethanol

PGA

a-SMA; SM-MHC; calponin; SM22a

Nude rats AA

2 weeks

100%

[26]

HUVECs

HAF-HUVEC

Human

FCS; EGM2

Bioreactor system

Collagen IV; VEGF; a-SMA; Ki67

-

2 weeks

-

[27]

PB-EPC

PB-EPC

Ovine

FBS; medium with low glucose; L-glutamine

Decell porcine CA

Actin; MHC

Arterial interposition

4 months

100%

[28]