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Fig. 3 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 3

From: Microbiota regulates bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell lineage differentiation and immunomodulation

Fig. 3

Microbiota is required for BMMSC immunomodulation. a Flow cytometry analysis shows that BMMSCs induced T-cell apoptosis by detecting Annexin V-positive cells in a coculture system. SPF-derived and ConvD-derived BMMSCs induced more T-cell apoptosis. b Cytokine array shows that GF-derived BMMSCs expressed more IL-23 and CCL5 when compared to the other two groups exposed to the microbiota. c Infusion of SPF and ConvD BMMSCs rescue weight loss in DSS-induced colitis mice, while GF BMMSCs had comparable weight loss to the PBS control. d Disease activity index shows that BMMSCs from GF mice did not decrease the disease activity, while the other two groups of BMMSCs decreased the disease activity index. e PBS and GF BMMSC treated colitis mice show severe epithelial disruption and inflammatory cell infiltration compared to ConvD and SPF BMMSC treated colitis mice (bar = 500 μm). All experimental data verified in at least three independent experiments. Error bars represent the SEM from the mean values. ***P < 0.005; **P < 0.001; *P < 0.05. BMMSC bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell, CCL5 chemokine C–C motif ligand 5, ConvD conventionalized, DSS 3% dextran sulfate sodium, GF germ free, IL interleukin, PBS phosphate-buffered saline, SPF specific pathogen free

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