Fig. 3
Transcription profiling of ion channels, transporters, connexins, and adrenergic receptors. Relative abundance of mRNA transcription analyzed by qRT-PCR. a–c Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide channels (HCN); d Na-Ca exchanger 1 (NCX1); e–g calcium channels; h sodium channel Nav1.5; i–k potassium channels; l–n connexins (Cx); o–q adrenergic receptors (AR). Data are provided as means ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, versus hRA; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, dhiPSC versus PCC; comparison between multiple groups was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey post-hoc test. Statistical significance compared to hiPSC is not indicated (p < 0.01 in every panel). hRA human right atrium (dark green), hSAN human sinoatrial node (green shaded), hiPSC human induced pluripotent stem cells (red), dhiPSC co-culture differentiated hiPSC (blue), PCC pacemaker cell clusters (purple)