Fig. 7

Real-time PCR analysis of the expression of osteogenic (ALP, BMP-2, BGLAP) and chondrogenic (SOX-9, ACAN) markers after induction of early, middle and late-passage DPSCs and aBMMSCs expanded previously with three different culture media (CCM, StemMacs and StemPro). Data are representative of one cell donor for each cell type and medium. Values are mean (± SD) of three independent experiments (n = 3) in duplicate. Asterisks over horizontal double arrows indicate statistically significant differences (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; n.s. = nonsignificant) at each passage of each cell type and medium, during the entire induction period (D0, D7 and D14). Asterisks over/under red, blue or green brackets indicate statistically significant differences (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01) in the expression of each marker among different passages (p.2 vs p.6 vs p.10) at D14 after induction of differentiation. a–f Expression of osteogenic markers (ALP, BMP-2, BGLAP). g, h Spectrophotometric quantification of the Alizarin Red S staining of DPSCs and aBMMSCs induced for osteogenic differentiation after 21 days (mean nmol AR-S/μg of total protein ± SD of three independent experiments of a representative donor in three replicates). i–l Expression of chondrogenic markers (SOX-9, ACAN) at D0, D7 and D14 after induction. Comparisons between cells, passages and media performed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc tests. aBMMSC alveolar bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell, ACAN aggrecan, ALP alkaline phosphatase, BGLAP bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein, BMP-2 bone morphogenetic protein, CCM complete culture medium, DPSC dental pulp stem cell, P cell passage, D day, SOX-9 sex-determining region Y-Box 9