Fig. 5

Cell cycle and proliferation rate analysis. a Flow cytometric analysis of hESCs and hiPSCs stained with CFSE and cultured for 2 h (T0) and 4 days (T4) after staining. b Proliferation rate of hiPSCs quantified and compared to that of hESCs. Quantitative data expressed as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Statistical comparison for each generation by paired Student’s t test (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). c Cell cycle progression analysis of hiPSCs and hESCs. Cells were stained with propidium iodide (PI) and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Data shown as mean ± SD from three independent experiments. d Statistical comparison between hiPSCs and hESCs for each phase of the cell cycle by paired Student’s t test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). e Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of the cell-cycle-associated proteins CCNA2, CCNB1, CCND1, and CCNE1 in hESCs and hiPSCs. All expression values normalized to GAPDH and relative to hESCs. Data represent the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. CFSE 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester, hESC human embryonic stem cell, hiPSC human induced pluripotent stem cell