Fig. 5

Effect of hAECs-secreting cytokines on TGF-β/SMAD pathway of human luteinized granulosa cells in vitro. a ELISA assay was measured TGF-β 1 concentration in conditioned medium derived from GCs, which co-cultured with hAECs for 24 hours. b–f SMAD protein expressions in human GCs were detected by Western blot after co-cultured with hAECs for 24 hours. hAEC-secreting cytokines activated the expression of P-SMAD2 and P-SMAD3 in granulosa cells. Data represent means ± SEM. Control group (n = 4); CTX group (n = 4); CTX + hAECs group (n = 4). ^* P < 0.05; ^** P < 0.01; ^*** P < 0.001