Fig. 1

LIPUS stimulation of BMSCs in vitro. A layer of coupling agent (< 1 mm thick) was applied between the LIPUS probe and culture dish, the probe placed below the tissue culture dish. BMSCs were treated once a day for 10 days at a duty cycle of 20%, at 3 MHz for 20 minutes in a 37 °C incubator in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO₂ in air. LIPUS low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. BMSCs bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, LIPUS low-intensity pulsed ultrasound