Fig. 2

Secretion of different trophic factors and inflammatory mediators in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures. Cells cultured in 2D and 3D were primed with Interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, or interferon (IFN)-γ. ELISA measurements (normalized to the initial number of cells and the final volume in the wells after the treatments) indicate that cells in 3D secrete more granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF) (a), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) (b), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (c), but not IL-10 (d). Priming treatments were only effective in inducing the secretion of GCSF. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, versus 2D; ⁺p < 0.05, ⁺⁺p < 0.01, versus untreated. nd not detectable