Table 2 Main cytokines upregulated after interleukin (IL)-1 priming in two-dimensional and three-dimensional mesenchymal stem cells
Cytokine | Name | Function |
|---|---|---|
MCSF | Macrophage colony-stimulating factor | Induces haematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages. Promotes release of pro-inflammatory cytokines to induce immune and inflammatory responses |
TNF-β | Tumour necrosis factor β or lymphotoxin-α | Regulation of cell survival. Immunostimulatory mediator |
CCL7/MCP3 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 or monocyte-chemotactic protein 3 | Monocyte attractant and regulator of macrophage functions |
Gro-α CXCL1 | Growth-regulated protein alpha | Cell proliferation, involved in inflammatory and immune responses |
CCL22 | C-C motif chemokine 22 | Attractant of immune cells to inflammatory sites |
TNF-α | Tumour necrosis factor α | Involved in inflammatory and immune responses |
CK B 8-1 or CCL23 | C-C motif chemokine 23 | Chemotactic activity for monocytes, resting T lymphocytes, and neutrophils. Involved in responses to IL-1 |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 | Inducer of acute phase response. Dual effects as pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules |
IL-10 | Interleukin-10 | Anti-inflammatory. Inhibits the synthesis of interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-2, IL-3, TNF, and GM-CSF in macrophages |
IL-8 | Interleukin-8 | Chemotactic for neutrophils and T cells |
MIG/CXCL9 | Monokine induced by gamma interferon/C-X-C motif chemokine 9 | Affects activation state of cells involved in immune and inflammatory responses |
G-CSF | Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor | Anti-apoptotic, involved in immune and inflammatory responses |