Fig. 3
Transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-induced osteoblasts (OBs) and bone regeneration. a Transplantation protocol for rat calvarial bone defects. b MicroCT images of the calvaria at 4 weeks after transplantation in the CCD1, CCD2, and Rev1 groups (n = 3). c MicroCT analysis of bone regeneration. Comparison of new bone volume (cm3) in the regions of interest of three groups. Values are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05. d V–G staining images at 4 weeks after transplantation. Top: CCD1 group. Middle: CCD2 group. Lower: Rev1 group. Magnified images of the new bone area are shown on the right. BMC bone mineral content, BMD bone mineral density, BV bone volume, EB embryoid body, NC nontransplanted defect (negative control), FIT fibroblast growth factor/insulin-like growth factor/transforming growth factor, NT nontreated control, OBM osteoblast differentiation medium