Fig. 2

a Cumulative population-doubling (cPD) levels versus passage number for the four different sources of MSC. Black represents CV-MSC (n = 7), dark gray UC-MSC (n = 4), medium gray AT-MSC (n = 5), and light gray BM-MSC (n = 6). b IHC-based senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining of CV-MSC in early (i, passage 4) and late (ii, passage 9) passages, AT-MSC in passage 6 (iii), BM-MSC in passage 6 (iv), and UC-MSC in passage 2 (v) and passage 4 (vi). Scale = 200 μm. c IHC of CV-MSC (i, ii) and BM-MSC (iii, iv) stained for osteopontin (i, iii) and fibronectin (ii, iv). Scale = 1 mm. d Collagen area (%) after collagen contraction assay for CV-MSC (n = 4), BM-MSC (n = 3), UC-MSC (n = 4), and AT-MSC (n = 3). Cells in passage 3 were used. Results expressed as mean ± SD, percentage of the total collagen area of the collagen gels without cells. e Surface marker expression of CV-MSC in early passages (n = 5). Results expressed as mean ± SD (%). f Representative immunofluorescence of early passaged CV-MSC (i, iii) and BM-MSC (iii, iv) stained for SM22α (i, iii) and α-SMA (ii, iv). Scale = 50 μm. AT adipose tissue, BM bone marrow, CV chorionic villi, MSC mesenchymal stromal cells, UC umbilical cord