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Fig. 1 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 1

From: Advancing osteochondral tissue engineering: bone morphogenetic protein, transforming growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor signaling drive ordered differentiation of periosteal cells resulting in stable cartilage and bone formation in vivo

Fig. 1

Characterization of TIs at the gene expression and histological levels. a mRNA quantification by qPCR of chondrogenic genes in tissue intermediates (TIs), control aggregates (CTRL, no GFs) and human articular chondrocytes (hACs). b Longitudinal histological sections (5 μm) of TIs stained for glycosaminoglycans (alcian blue), type-II collagen, type-I collagen, and Indian Hedgehog (IHH) at 14 and 28 days after in vitro culture. Top and bottom layers of TIs are identified by * and **, respectively. Dashed lines represent a critical depth at which cells no longer express type-II collagen or IHH, from top to bottom. Results are representative of two independent experiments. Each experiment was performed using 2–3 technical replicates. In a, error bars are max/min; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001

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Stem Cell Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1757-6512