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Fig. 5 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 5

From: Advancing osteochondral tissue engineering: bone morphogenetic protein, transforming growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor signaling drive ordered differentiation of periosteal cells resulting in stable cartilage and bone formation in vivo

Fig. 5

Histological analysis of osteochondral defects and human cell identification at 8 weeks postinjury. a Alcian blue staining showed articular-like tissue expressing GAGs in osteochondral defects treated with tissue intermediates (TIs), limited bone forming capacity at the subchondral level, and the presence of nonfunctional fibrotic tissue in osteochondral defects treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 aggregates (Agg), and limited capacity of empty defects to repair articular cartilage. The average and best histological sections are shown. b Immunohistochemistry for human (h)nuclei in defects treated with TIs and TGF-β1 aggregates showed the contribution of human cells (arrow heads) for both articular and subchondral bone regeneration

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Stem Cell Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1757-6512