Fig. 6

Impact of radial shockwaves on multidifferentiation of MSCs. a Multidifferentiation tests of MSCs showed radial shockwave stimulation increased ALP activity but decreased formation of Oil Red-O-positive lipid droplets, indicating that shockwaves promote osteogenesis induction and block adipogenesis at the same time. No significant differences in the two cohorts of cells after chondrogenic induction. b Impact of shockwaves on MSC differentiation also reflected by mRNA levels of Runx-2, Osterix, CEBP/α, PPARγ, Sox-9, and Col-II. Quantitative PCR assay performed at least three times independently; representative result shown. *Statistically significant difference compared with control groups, P < 0.05. ALP alkaline phosphatase, Col-II collagen type II