Fig. 7

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) reverse the polarization of macrophages stimulated by laponite (Lap). a ELISA assay of the proinflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-1β), anti-inflammatory factors (arginase 1 (Arg-1), IL-10, and IL-1ra), osteogenesis-related factors (oncostatin M (OSM) and bone morphogenetic factor 2 (BMP2)), fibrous gene-encoded factors (transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β3, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) and PEG2 released into the culture medium from the rBMSC/RAW, Lap/RAW, and the Lap/rBMSC/RAW coculture system groups. b Relative mRNA expression of proinflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory genes (Arg-1, IL-10, and IL-1ra) in RAW264.7 cells. c Relative mRNA expression of osteogenesis-related genes (OSM, BMP-2) and fibrous-related genes (TGF-β1, TGF-β3, VEGF). d Gene expression of OSMR, IL6st, and STAT3 in rat BMSCs (rBMSCs) from coculture systems of rBMSC/RAW and Lap/rBMSC/RAW. The experiment was repeated three times with similar results. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001