Fig. 5

TSG-6 secreted by canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cAT-MSCs) induces M2 macrophage polarization in the inflamed colon. a Representative immunofluorescence staining of colon tissue sections using F4/80-specific or CD206-specific antibodies, and the percentages of F4/80-positive or CD206-positive cells are shown. Scale bars = 50 μm. b The gene expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CD206, Arg1, Fizz1, and Ym1 in the colon samples of mice were evaluated. Four to six mice per group were used. Results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. ns, not significant; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle control); siCTL-cAT-MSC, cAT-MSCs transfected with scrambled small interfering RNA; siTSG6-cAT-MSC, cAT-MSCs transfected with TSG-6 tumor necrosis factor-α-induced gene/protein-6 small interfering RNA