Fig. 1

Design of standardized three-dimensional modular scaffolds (3D PLA) with different porosity and filament dimension. a Filament width/height 250/250 μm and pore width/height 250/250 μm; b Filament width/height 250/500 μm and pore width/height 250/500 μm; c Filament width/height 500/500 μm and pore width/height 500/500 μm; d Filament width/height 750/750 μm and pore width/height 750/750 μm; e Filament width/height 1000/1000 μm and pore width/height 1000/1000 μm. a1–e1 SEM micrographs of samples from a–e. Pore size reduction is present in each group. In-filament layering is observed especially in samples b–e. f Table with filament, porosity, and pore size reduction specifications. g RUNX2 expression in hGMSCs cultured in control and osteogenic medium. An increased expression of RUNX2 was present in cells cultured with scaffold design C (c)