Fig. 4From: DNA topoisomerase IIβ stimulates neurite outgrowth in neural differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells through regulation of Rho-GTPases (RhoA/Rock2 pathway) and Nurr1 expressionImmunostaining of hMSC_mN3, hMSC_topo IIβ(−)_mN3, and hMSC_topo IIβ(+)_mN3 cells with the neural markers neurofilament (NF), Tau, microtubule-associated protein (MAP2), and Rho-GTPases Cdc42, RhoA, and Rac1. In hMSC_mN3 cells, the arrows indicate the overlapping of the neural marker NF and Rho-GTPase Cdc42 expressions (yellow). In hMSC_topo IIβ(+)_mN3 cells, the arrows indicate Rho-GTPase Cdc42 expression in extending the ends of axons (red) (a). Immunostaining of hMSC_mN3, hMSC_topo IIβ(−)_mN3 and hMSC_topo IIβ(+)_mN3 cells with RhoA. Arrows indicate the lack of RhoA expression in the nucleus of hMSC_topo IIβ(−)_mN3 and the enhanced RhoA expression in the nucleus of hMSC_topo IIβ(+)_mN3 cells (b). Images ×10, magnified nucleus ×20Back to article page