Fig. 7

Administration with LPA and/or S1P has little effect on hADMSC adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential. a Representative images of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation hADMSCs, after LPS/H₂O₂ intoxification, in the presence or absence of LPA/S1P co-treatments, characterized by Oil Red O and Alizarin Red S staining, respectively. Scale bar = 50 μm. b Quantitative PCR measurement for the changes in key markers of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, after LPS/H₂O₂ intoxification, in the presence or absence of LPA/S1P co-treatments (n = 4). Data from each group are expressed as means ± SEM. Statistical comparison between groups was performed with the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test to detect differences in all groups. ALP, alkaline phosphatase; FABP4, fatty acid binding protein 4; LEP, leptin; LPA, lysophosphatidic acid; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; NT, non-induced; OCN, osteocalcin; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate