Fig. 9

Differentiation capacity of P4-MSCs versus P8-MSCs derived from the αMEM-based expansion condition. MSCs at P4 or P8 were cultivated with either osteogenic (a, c) or adipogenic (b, d) differentiation media for up to 21 days. a Gene expression of osteogenic samples was assessed on day 9. b Gene expression of adipogenic samples was assessed on day 21. In qPCR, GAPDH was used as the reference gene, and the corresponding P8 samples were used as the control groups. n = 4; ***p < 0.001, versus the corresponding P8 groups. c Osteogenic cultures were stained histologically with Alizarin Red S and calcium is shown in a red color. d Adipogenic cultures were stained histologically with Oil Red O and lipids are shown in a red color. Scale bars = 100 μm. ALP, alkaline phosphatase; Col I, type I collagen; LPL lipoprotein lipase; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; P, passage; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2