Fig. 3

GMSC cytokine release under inflammatory conditions. a Interaction between NF-kB, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, PTGS2 or cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1) performed at http://string-db.org/. b–e GMSCs were treated in growth medium with different concentrations of TNF-α (10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL) for 24 h. At the end of the treatments, the membrane COX-2 and the IL-6, IL-10, and TGF- β1 levels in the medium were quantified using commercial ELISA kits. The data are reported as the mean values ± SEM of three independent experiments each performed in duplicate. The significance of the differences was determined by one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc test: *P ≤ 0.05, ***P ≤ 0.001 vs. the control (CTRL)