Fig. 8

RBE modulation of GMSC cytokine release under normal and inflammatory conditions. a–h GMSCs were treated in growth medium with different concentrations of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α (10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL) in the absence or the presence of Ribes nigrum bud extract (RBE; 50 μg/mL) for 24 h. a–d At the end of the treatments, the membrane cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and the interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 levels in the medium were quantified using ELISA kits. The values are presented as the mean values ± SEM of three different experiments. e–h GMSCs, treated as above, were lysed and real-time RT-PCR analysis of IL-6, IL-10, COX-2, and TGF- β1 was performed. The data are expressed as the fold of change versus the untreated cells (CTRL), which were set to 1, and are presented the mean values ± SEM of three different experiments. The significance of the differences was determined by one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc test: *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001 vs. control (CTRL); ^#P ≤ 0.05, ^##P ≤ 0.01, ^###P ≤ 0.001 vs. the respective TNF-α. i The radar plot shift of the cytokine production