Fig. 1

β-GP induced calcium deposition in VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner. VSMCs cultured in normal medium or in calcification medium with 10, 20 and 40 mmol/l of β-GP for 14 days. a Alizarin Red staining of microscopic views (×100). b Formic acid 10% used to elute Alizarin Red dye and quantification of Alizarin Red staining measured with a microplate reader and normalized to total protein content. c Calcium content shown as mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments conducted in duplicate. β-GP beta-glycerophosphate, OD optical density