Genetic contribution to mesenchymal stem cell dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus

Table 1 Factors that may be involved in the regulation of MSC function in SLE

Factor	Immunological effects	Reference
With direct evidence
OAZ	Impair MSC regulation of B cells, leading to autoantibody production	[41]
Pbx1-d	Result in the generation of auto-reactive CD4⁺ T cells	[40]
p16^INK4A	Inhibit TGF-β secretion, contribute to the reduction of Treg cells	[52]
With indirect evidence
PD-1	Loss of peripheral self-tolerance in B cells	[23]
FcγRIIB	Acceleration of dendritic cell maturation	[55]
STAT1	Associated with IDO production	[60]
IFN γ	Stimulation of IDO production	[17]
IL-6	Macrophage polarization	[29]
IDO	Inhibition of T-cell proliferation	[17]
CCL2	Inhibition of B-cell proliferation and differentiation	[6]
PGE2	Inhibition of T-cell proliferation and monocyte differentiation	[30]
Galectin-3	Involved in T-cell proliferation	[64]
TNF-α	MSC migration	[61, 62]
Leptin	MSC senescence	[63]

ISSN: 1757-6512