Fig. 5

Effects of MDSCs on T-cell development and differentiation. a Antigen-presenting activity of MDSCs. MDSCs cultured with CFSE-labeled BALB/c spleen T cells at a ratio of 1:20 for 3 days. Proliferative response determined by CFSE dilution (upper panel). Bar graph illustrates T-cell production from four types of MDSCs (lower panel) (*P < .05). b Expression of regulatory T cells (CD4⁺/CD25⁺/FoxP3⁺) assayed through intracellular staining with specific mAbs and analyzed using flow cytometry. Numbers represent percentage of double-positive cells in CD4⁺ T-cell subset (upper panel). Bar graph shows ratio of regulatory T cells differentiated from four types of MDSCs (lower panel) (*P < .05). c IFNγ production of MDSC-stimulated T cells. Cytokine levels of IFNγ analyzed from supernatant of activated T cells through ELISA (*P < .05). d Model for interaction between renal stromal cells and MDSCs during chronic inflammation of diabetic conditions. CFSE carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester, H high glucose, IFNγ interferon gamma, MDSC myeloid-derived suppressor cell, MMC mouse mesangial cell, N normal glucose