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Fig. 3 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 3

From: Deer thymosin beta 10 functions as a novel factor for angiogenesis and chondrogenesis during antler growth and regeneration

Fig. 3

Effects of deer TMSB10 on cell proliferation, cytoskeletal formation, chondrogenesis, and angiogenesis of antlerogenic periosteum cells (APCs). a Determination of proliferation over 7 days of APCs overexpressing deer TMSB10, measured with an MTT assay. b Proliferation of APCs exposed for 24, 48, and 72 h to exogenous deer TMSB10 (eTMSB10: 50, 100, or 150 ng/ml) compared with control wells with no deer eTMSB10. Cell proliferation (MTT assay) is presented as the percentage of viability of control cells (control set at 100%). Results are reported as the mean ± SD, n = 4 independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, versus control. c Determination of F-actin morphology of APCs overexpressing deer TMSB10 using the TRITC-Phalloidin. Overexpression of the gene slightly reduced the numbers of F-actin-positive fibers in the APCs. Scale bar = 200 μm. d Chondrogenic differentiation of APCs overexpressing deer TMSB10 grown as micromass cultures. The cells were treated with differentiation media for 3 weeks. The Alcian Blue staining depth of the resultant nodules was increased in the cells with deer TMSB10 overexpression compared with the control group. Scale bar = 100 μm. e CAM assay for APCs overexpressing deer TMSB10. APCs overexpressing deer TMSB10 and with empty vector were loaded on the CAMs with Matrigel for 4 days. Results showed that new blood vessels were most noticeably induced by APCs overexpressing deer TMSB10, where vessels were evident both at the border and inside the Matrigel (arrows). Scale bar = 2 mm. HE hematoxylin an eosin, OD optical density

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