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Table 2 Stem cell types advantages, disadvantages and use in clinical and preclinical studies

From: Stem cell therapy for diabetic foot ulcers: a review of preclinical and clinical research

Stem cell type

Advantages

Disadvantages

Clinical studies

Preclinical studies

Adult stem cells

BM-MSC

• Donor-specific therapy

• Lower malignancy risk

• Cell-lineage committed (targeting differentiation)

• No ethical conflict

• Cell lineage committed (limited differentiation potential)

• Biopsy high surgical risk

• Nondisposable tissue

• Low stem cell concentration

• Cell concentration and performance influenced by comorbidities

19

(52.8%)

27

(50.0%)

PB-MSC

• Donor-specific therapy

• Lower malignancy risk

• Cell-lineage committed (targeting differentiation)

• No ethical conflict

• Relatively disposable tissue

• Vein puncture has low surgical risk

• Simple cell harvesting protocol

• Cell lineage committed (limited differentiation potential)

• Cell concentration and performance influenced by comorbidities

• G-CSF administration needed

11

(30.5%)

2

(3.7%)

hUC-MSC

• Future donor-specific therapy

• Lower malignancy risk

• Cell-lineage committed (targeting differentiation)

• Disposable tissue

• UC tissue harvesting has low surgical risk

• Donor UCB banking storage

• Cell lineage committed (limited differentiation potential)

• Immunoincompatibility

• Ethical conflict

• Low stem cell concentration

• Need for UCB banking

4

(11.1%)

12

(22.2%)

ADSC

• Donor-specific therapy

• Lower malignancy risk

• Cell-lineage committed (targeting differentiation)

• No ethical conflict

• Disposable tissue

• Liposuction has low surgical risk

• Cell lineage committed (limited differentiation potential)

• Cell concentration and performance influenced by comorbidities

3

(8.3%)

11

(20.4%)

Embryonic stem cells

• High differentiation potential (pluripotent)

• Increased malignancy risk

• Ethical conflicts

0

(0.0%)

1

(1.9%)

Induced pluripotent stem cells

• High differentiation potential (pluripotent)

• Somatic-cell memory (targeting differentiation)

• Donor-specific therapy

• No ethical conflict

• Disposable tissue

• Low cell harvesting procedure risk

• Increased malignancy risk

• Complex induction protocol

• Somatic-cell memory (biased differentiation)

0

(0.0%)

0

(0.0%)

  1. ADSC adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells, BM-MSC bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, G-CSF granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, hUC-MSC human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, PB-MSC peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells, UC umbilical cord, UCB umbilical cord blood