Table 6 Stem cell therapy routes of administration routes; advantages, disadvantages and use in clinical and preclinical studies
From: Stem cell therapy for diabetic foot ulcers: a review of preclinical and clinical research
Administration route | Preclinical studies | Clinical studies | Administration route subtype | Advantages | Disadvantages | Clinical studies | Preclinical studies | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Local | Injection | 28 | (52%) | 31 | (86%) | Intramuscular | • Simple • Low risk • Inexpensive | • High cell death • Low addressing and poor engraftment • No cell density and spacing control • May need debridement • Infection risk | 24 | (66.7%) | 2 | (3.7%) |
Subcutaneous and Intradermal | 2 | (5.6%) | 19 | (35.2%) | ||||||||
Topical | 23 | (43%) | 5 | (14%) | Spray and Drops | • Painless • Simple • Low risk • Inexpensive | • High cell death • Low addressing and poor engraftment • No cell density and spacing control • May need debridement | 3 | (8.3%) | 6 | (11.1%) | |
Hydrogel and Scaffold | • Low risk • Cell density and spacing control • Better retention and engraftment | •High protocol complexity • Expensive • May need debridement | 0 | (0.0%) | 9 | (16.7%) | ||||||
Systemic | Endovascular | 5 | (9%) | 6 | (17%) | Intraarterial | • Can be performed during angioplasty • Possible immunomodulation and glucose homeostasis optimizing effect | • High surgical risk • Low addressing and poor engraftment • Expensive | 6 | (16.7%) | 1 | (1.9%) |
Intravenous | 0 | (0.0%) | 4 | (7.4%) | ||||||||